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00:00Since that first post-war Christmas of 1945, they'd had plenty of fun.
00:26They'd fallen in love and gotten married.
00:33They had cherished their children, who in turn had fallen in love.
00:41And yet, a third world war could break out at any time.
00:47The apocalypse.
00:56From 1945 until 1991, the Eastern Bloc, dominated by the Soviet Union, and the West, headed by
01:12the United States, are at daggers drawn.
01:34In August 1945, to put an end to World War II, the United States, for the first time in
01:39history, drops two atom bombs that kill or irradiate 100,000 human beings in one second.
02:01The atom bomb is now the real threat.
02:05In 1947, American scientists invent a way to evaluate the risk of nuclear war.
02:12They call it the Doomsday Clock.
02:16If the clock's hands ever reach midnight, it will mean disaster.
02:22This virtual clock often hits five minutes to twelve.
02:31How did people manage to live with the permanent tension that is the foundation of our world
02:36today?
02:43How did this balance of terror spark off dozens of deadly regional conflicts, from Indochina
02:49China to Korea?
03:01And from Vietnam to Afghanistan?
03:09Wars that we will relive here, through archive footage, some colorized, and home movies and
03:15photos.
03:22It all begins with the big rift, between East and West.
03:34On May 8, 1945, the French celebrate the end of the war in Europe.
03:41The American soldiers have only one thing in mind, going home.
03:47But they know they may still be shipped off to Japan, who has yet to surrender.
03:56Moscow, June 24, 1945.
04:00Time on the Kremlin clock is set by Stalin, the master of Russia, which is called the Union
04:06of Soviet Socialist Republics, the USSR.
04:11Stalin hails himself as the sole winner of World War II, even though he owes his victory
04:16to the sacrifice of 25 million Soviet lives and 200 billion dollars of Western aid.
04:27The first world war gave birth to communism, the second places it in a position of power.
04:41Stalin has just seized over 2 million square kilometers of European territory and its 100
04:47million inhabitants, imposing communist rule everywhere.
04:54Stalin and his military chiefs of staff have drawn up plans for invading the rest of Europe.
04:59This scheme would be backed up with a power takeover by the local communist parties.
05:05Stalin is also counting on the great Western powers being paralyzed by uprisings in their colonies.
05:14In Berlin, landlocked by the Soviet-occupied zone, Stalin meets with the allied leaders to
05:20take stock after Germany's surrender.
05:23The meeting is held in Potsdam, a suburb of Berlin that has suffered less damage than most of the city.
05:29The American and British delegates are able to admire the results of their air raids,
05:35of the Russian artillery, and Hitler's suicidal tenacity.
05:40The aftermath of war.
05:42Only weeks after the end of Nazi Germany, mounting apprehension sets in.
05:52Will this meeting of the Great Alliance be able to maintain peace?
06:01Stalin arrives on July 17, 1945, for two weeks of summit meetings.
06:07In Potsdam, maximum security is provided by an army of 17,000 officers and men of the NKVD,
06:18the Soviet political police.
06:21One of its chiefs close to Stalin is Lavrenti Baria.
06:26Stalin refers to him as the head of our Gestapo, or our very own Himmler,
06:32a sinister allusion to Hitler's police.
06:36The secret service that protects the American president is also fully mobilized.
06:49This is the first trip overseas for Harry Truman, President Roosevelt's successor.
06:56It is also President Truman's first meeting with one of World War II's great heroes,
07:01Winston Churchill, who has just sent him a long telegram warning him against Stalin.
07:08Churchill writes,
07:10An iron curtain has been drawn down by the Russians all along their front.
07:15We do not know what is going on behind.
07:19Truman sizes up his opponent.
07:25Stalin has public opinion behind him.
07:28He is the father of nations.
07:30More importantly, he has 20,000 tanks and 5 million soldiers at his command.
07:35This is the main question for President Truman.
07:41How can Stalin be stopped, and where?
07:46Will the oceans protect America?
07:48Does America have the means to protect Europe?
07:52Truman has only one card to play, the nuclear option.
07:56He delayed the conference until he knew the results of the world's first atom bomb testing.
08:08Day after day, Stalin weighs in heavily on each decision being made during the conference.
08:19Nobody dares argue with him on the fate of Germany, which will be split in two, or the unfortunate Baltic states, recently annexed by Stalin.
08:30Asia is another key issue at the Potsdam conference.
08:34America is dominating the Japanese in the Pacific.
08:39In China, Stalin supports Mao Tse-Tung's communists against the American-backed nationalists of General Chiang Kai-shek.
08:49What will become of Indochina, a French colony still occupied by the Japanese?
08:56The United States imposes the future disarming of Japanese troops on either side of the 16th parallel by the Chinese nationalists in the north and the British in the south.
09:06France isn't consulted on the matter, not having been invited to the Potsdam conference.
09:11Will these arrangements be sufficient to ward off a new conflict?
09:19This marks the beginning of ongoing tension between the Soviets and the Americans.
09:24The President of the United States has successfully tested a new weapon without specifically calling it an atom bomb, which is a state secret.
09:43Stalin doesn't blink.
09:45He knows exactly what Truman is referring to.
09:48Thanks to his efficient network of Soviet spies inside America's secret research facilities.
09:58Stalin must have the bomb as soon as possible.
10:01He sends Beria to identify which factories in the Soviet zone of Germany are still in working order, and to steal uranium from Bulgaria or Poland.
10:10Soviet scientists work day and night to develop the bomb, helped by communist sympathizers in the west.
10:21On August 2nd, Stalin leaves the Potsdam conference.
10:25Speaking to Truman about this new weapon, he says,
10:29Use it well against Japan.
10:30Use it well against Japan.
10:43The Americans dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6th, 1945.
10:48Stalin immediately declares war on the crippled remnants of Japan.
10:58He can now help himself to the lands conquered by Japan, including industry rich Manchuria and the northern part of Korea, which he places under communist rule.
11:09The Americans take control of the south up to the 38th parallel.
11:13Washington widely publicizes the first footage of the devastation wrought by the nuclear weapon.
11:26Hiroshima, seen from the air after the atomic bomb blast that virtually erased this city from the earth.
11:33Nagasaki, target for the second atomic bomb.
11:44What effect does this cataclysm have in 1945 on Paris?
11:49A city still suffering, but starting to come back to life.
11:52The table talk is all about the communists, whom everyone admires.
12:01They have 150 members of parliament and five ministers in the provisional government, led by General de Gaulle.
12:07De Gaulle has the job of rebuilding the country and restoring its strength, which is partly founded on its colonial empire.
12:14The maps on every schoolroom wall have taught the French that their empire stretches across continents.
12:22The French are proud of their 19th century conquests and had flocked to the famous colonial exhibition of 1931.
12:38Colonization and decolonization will lead to the Indochina War, followed by the clash between East and West in the Vietnam War.
12:58Spanning 30 years, this endless conflict will claim over 3 million lives.
13:03This major Cold War crisis has a face.
13:06That of the man who goes by the name of Ho Chi Minh.
13:11How did this man, the leader of the Indochinese communists, start these wars in the name of independence?
13:20He was born in 1890.
13:23His real name is Nguyen Sinkong.
13:26He is a brilliant student, the son of a local official who was dismissed by the French authorities.
13:31In 1911, he sails around the world, campaigning against injustice.
13:39In 1920, at the Socialist Convention in Tours where the French Communist Party is born, Ho Chi Minh denounces what he refers to as the oppression in Indochina.
13:49He shouts, comrades, save us.
13:52He writes articles for newspapers such as L'Humanité and La Paria and draws his own anti-colonialist caricatures.
14:01In 1923, he is summoned to the Soviet Union to be trained with other foreign communists.
14:12In Moscow in 1924, at the Congress of the Comintern, the Soviet organization that campaigns to spread communism, he declares,
14:19Comrades, it was patriotism that led me towards Lenin.
14:26We must focus on colonial problems.
14:30In 1930, the Comintern sends him to China to recruit the founding members of the Communist Party of Indochina with the help of Mao Zedong, who has started his long march to power.
14:46From then on, Ho Chi Minh is known to the French police as a revolutionary agitator.
14:56His police file, registered under the alias of Nguenai Kwok, describes him as measuring one meter sixty-two, thin, with a domed forehead and prominent ears.
15:08The French sentence him to death in absentia for revolutionary activity.
15:14He writes,
15:18We are nothing but dirty Negroes and dirty animites.
15:21Good for no more than pulling rickshaws and receiving baton blows from our administrators.
15:30But who are these French people living in Indochina?
15:33These colonists?
15:35Some of them are business owners, but most are civil servants, shopkeepers, teachers and their families.
15:44In 1939, there are barely 50,000 of them, compared to 20 million Indochinese, mostly peasants, working in the paddy fields.
15:57Over the past century, the French have conquered a territory one and a half times the size of France, and established a protectorate over the kingdoms of Laos, Cambodia and Annam.
16:15They have colonized the fertile plains of Cochin, China, and mined the mineral wealth of the Tonkin province.
16:22In Annam, the central province, the colonists cultivate papi, to produce the medicinal opium that contributes to the wealth of Saigon, the major city of the south.
16:37This is a time of large-scale weddings in full uniform.
16:43Robert Pila, son of a family of silk traders, marries Gillette de Boisboissel, daughter of Cochin, China's military commander-in-chief.
16:521940, France is defeated.
17:00Japan, an ally of Germany, settles in Indochina, but leaves a compliant French administration in place.
17:09The situation benefits Ho Chi Minh, who secretly returns via the north after a 30-year exile.
17:20He wants to organize the fight for independence.
17:23He hides out in the forest near the Chinese border, near a river that he christens the Lenin.
17:29He plans his strategy.
17:40He chooses the pseudonym Ho Chi Minh, meaning he who enlightens, to seem more like a spiritual leader.
17:49He founds a resistance movement, which he names League for the Independence of Vietnam.
17:55In Vietnamese, Vietnam Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi, or Viet Minh for short.
18:04This name doesn't fool other separatists who are not communists.
18:12Those who join his cause are able militants, such as Vo Nguyen Giap, a 30-year-old history teacher who turns out to be a formidable war leader.
18:21In three years, Giap has indoctrinated and raised a proper little army to combat the French colonial power and the Japanese fascists.
18:37Throughout 1944, the Americans helped Jiap and Ho Chi Minh by dropping arms and ammunition and parachuting in so-called military advisers.
18:51They will later regret this.
18:52The Americans are counting on this guerrilla war against the Japanese.
18:54The Americans are counting on this guerrilla war against the Japanese.
18:551945. The Vietnam Zone of Influence is growing steadily.
18:581945. The Vietnam Zone of Influence is growing steadily.
18:59The Americans are counting on this guerrilla war against the Japanese.
19:021945. The Vietnam Zone of Influence is growing steadily.
19:07Many people from Tonkin join up. Ho Chi Minh explains.
19:12Our people were subjected to the double yoke of the French and the Japanese.
19:17Their sufferings and miseries increased.
19:19The Americans are counting on this guerrilla war against the Japanese.
19:22The Americans are counting on this guerrilla war against the Japanese.
19:241945. The Vietnam Zone of Influence is growing steadily.
19:26Many people from Tonkin join up. Ho Chi Minh explains.
19:29Our people were subjected to the double yoke of the French and the Japanese.
19:34Their sufferings and miseries increased.
19:37More than two million of our fellow citizens died from starvation.
19:41For Ho Chi Minh, history is about to change gears.
19:45On March 9, 1945, he gets an amazing piece of news.
19:50The Japanese are arresting French officials and killing or disarming French soldiers.
19:55Japan, under growing threat from the Americans, is wiping out the French army
20:00before it can seize the opportunity to regain control of Indochina.
20:08And in August 1945, Ho Chi Minh leaves from his jungle stronghold
20:13when he hears about America's nuclear attacks on Japan.
20:20He believes this is his historic moment.
20:23Nobody is running Indochina anymore.
20:28The Chinese and the British who are to replace the Japanese haven't yet arrived.
20:35He will take the chance of his life.
20:38He appears in Hanoi in broad daylight on September 2, 1945,
20:43and demands independence for Tonkin and Annam and Cochin, China.
20:49Together, they will be renamed Vietnam.
20:52Laos and Cambodia also demand their independence.
20:56In Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh stirs up the crowd.
21:07He has the crowd wave the Viet Minh's red flag with its gold star.
21:14And also the American flag, along with Truman's portrait.
21:17But the new president is less sympathetic to the separatists.
21:26On that same day, September 2, 1945,
21:29Japan signs a declaration of surrender aboard the U.S. battleship Missouri.
21:34France is represented by General Leclerc, the man who helped liberate Paris with his 2nd Armored Division.
21:47De Gaulle puts him and his division in charge of restoring French sovereignty over Indochina.
21:52The victor of the Pacific, General Douglas MacArthur doesn't mince words about reconquering Indochina.
22:03He tells Leclerc, bring troops and more troops, as many as you can.
22:14In Saigon, in the days following the Declaration of Independence,
22:17worried French colonists flock to the Information Center.
22:22What will become of them?
22:28Colonists arm themselves to protect the waiting lines outside the few stores that have remained open.
22:34The offices that still function begin handing out ration tickets.
22:38But one long month after Ho Chi Minh's Declaration of Independence, in the midst of a monsoon.
22:51On October 5, 1945, General Leclerc arrives in Saigon.
22:57He has full military authority to take back Indochina.
22:59The first thing Leclerc does is contact the British, who have just arrived, but are already out of their depth.
23:10In an act of colonial solidarity, the British have provided the ships to transport the first 30,000 men who will constitute Leclerc's army.
23:21In theory, the men are all volunteers, but some had joined up towards the end of the war to fight the Japanese.
23:31And have ended up in Indochina.
23:38Once the euphoria of the colonists' welcome has worn off, they are struck by the terrible heat.
23:42The clouds of mosquitoes, poisonous insects, and ferocious jungle animals.
24:02Leclerc sends his tanks to take back Cochin, China.
24:06First they must cross a gigantic swamp near Saigon, the Plain of Reeds.
24:10General Leclerc selects Colonel Massou to lead the operation.
24:19Massou is a legendary warrior and adventurer, but he is soon forced to admit he's in trouble.
24:27The Viet Minh has destroyed bridges and cut roads overnight by digging trenches across them.
24:34Tank crews have to double as road workers.
24:36These men have been trained for large armored campaigns.
24:41This kind of warfare is unknown to them.
24:45Le Monde's correspondent in Indochina, Philippe de Villers, writes,
24:50We'd be driving along a road, when suddenly a man would fall.
24:57And no one could tell where the shot had come from.
25:04After they fired, the Viettes would hide underwater and breathe through bamboo tubes.
25:14The Viettes.
25:16That's how the French refer to the Viet Minh fighters.
25:19They have other worse names for them, too.
25:22Most of them are peasants.
25:24They are very young.
25:25They are very young.
25:31There are also mines hidden in the bamboo groves and poison traps.
25:35In just a few weeks, 300 French troops are put out of action.
25:54The soldiers are anxious.
25:55This war can't be won without intelligence.
26:00But not a single villager will provide any information.
26:05The Viet Minh are not actually that strong in Cochin, China.
26:09Ho Chi Minh needs the support of other separatists, even if it means getting rid of them later on.
26:23The man he and Jiap choose to lead the guerrilla units in this region is Nguyen Bin.
26:30Bin is not a communist, but he is fanatically anti-French.
26:33To the peasant laborers, the young and the old, Nguyen Bin promises land.
26:40To the landlords, he writes,
26:43I belong to no party.
26:45I fight for the homeland.
26:49Violence leads to more violence.
26:51General Leclerc deems it wise to set some limits.
27:04In a memo to his soldiers, he specifies,
27:07Keep the right balance.
27:09Do not see a dangerous bandit in every animite.
27:16Do not be too lenient either.
27:18But no one is allowed to shoot prisoners.
27:22They must all be questioned and put on trial.
27:25All looting is strictly forbidden.
27:28No needless destruction.
27:30No mishandling of women or children.
27:35Every animite who is unfairly treated risks being lost to the French cause.
27:39The wheels of war are grinding.
27:54In early 1946, the insurgents have grown in number and their feats get bolder day by day.
28:00General Leclerc is furious to be stuck in Cochin, China.
28:10He knows how urgent the situation is for the French colonists to the north in Tonkin, where the communists control Hanoi.
28:17But the French army is making slow progress and Leclerc is pessimistic.
28:20He says,
28:21A single division is not enough to conquer a country that is all riled up and armed, and is one and a half times the size of France.
28:30It would take 500,000 men to impose a military solution.
28:34A political solution must be found. We must negotiate.
28:38The task of negotiating goes to a man whose name will go down in history.
28:45Jean Saint-Ny.
28:47He makes his first trip to Indochina as a banker in 1929.
28:52An irresistible playboy, half diplomat, half spy, this French James Bond is married to the daughter of Albert Sahot, the powerful minister of the colonies and former governor of Indochina.
29:04Saint-Ny, a resistance fighter, is a decorated companion of the liberation.
29:11De Gaulle sends him back to Hanoi in August 1945.
29:15While the Viet Minh guerrillas are spilling blood in the south, Saint-Ny and Ho Chi Minh struggle to negotiate with each other.
29:24At long last, they sign the agreement of March 6, 1946, establishing Vietnam as a free nation.
29:31As part of the deal, Ho Chi Minh agrees to allow French troops back into Tonkin to replace the Chinese army.
29:39Once again, the French flag flies over Haifong, the port of Hanoi.
29:45Ho Chi Minh has signed the agreement because he needs the French to drive out the Chinese, who are looting the country and threatening to stay forever.
29:55The Indochinese communists have trouble accepting the agreements that give the French the right to remain in Tonkin for another five years.
30:12Ho Chi Minh tells them, I prefer to sniff French for five years than to eat Chinese for the rest of my life.
30:21On March 18, 1946, General Leclerc's tanks roll into Hanoi.
30:40The 20,000 French colonists have been living at the mercy of the Viet Minh.
30:44They are relieved beyond measure.
30:52Leclerc is welcomed by Jean Saint-Ny.
30:55They know each other well from the liberation of Paris.
30:58For Saint-Ny, this is an unforgettable moment.
31:01He takes Leclerc up to the balcony of his office, where the general makes a gesture in the manner of de Gaulle.
31:06Raising his arms, he calls out to the crowd, Hanoi, the final phase of the liberation.
31:19Saint-Ny goes on to describe,
31:21Leclerc jumps behind the steering wheel of an escort Jeep and tells me to get in.
31:28Together we drive through the cheering crowd.
31:29My mission is accomplished.
31:31All I have to do now is return to France.
31:34Famous last words.
31:38Saint-Ny takes Leclerc to meet Ho Chi Minh who has settled in a colonial palace.
31:42In a flurry of flashbulbs, they drink to friendship between peoples, France's future, and the permanent recognition of the free nation of Vietnam.
31:53But nothing goes as planned.
31:59Then Leclerc and Saint-Ny attend a ceremonial parade, where Giap, defense secretary of the future independent Vietnam state, presents his first battalion.
32:08Leclerc salutes his Viet Minh foes without blinking.
32:24Giap raises his fist and declares that the fight has begun.
32:29The Tonkin residents have shown up en masse.
32:32They are contained by Viet Minh militiamen.
32:34The crowd grumbles.
32:36They are aimed at Ho Chi Minh.
32:38The old fox has been fooled by accepting the return of the French army.
32:54This French army parade, designed to impress the Viet Minh, is followed by a grand naval review to which Ho Chi Minh is invited.
33:01Ho Chi Minh will finally meet France's highest-ranked representative, General de Gaulle's envoy, Admiral Thierry D'Argentlieu.
33:12Ho Chi Minh is flown there by seaplane, with Saint-Ny by his side.
33:17They fly over the iconic Ha Long Bay.
33:22Saint-Ny senses the emotions that grip the Viet Minh leader.
33:26He writes,
33:27There's a photo of us aboard the seaplane.
33:31While I'm filling my pipe, the chief of the Viet Minh sits obediently with his pith helmet on his head, and both hands resting on his bamboo cane.
33:39But he looks fierce, with the eyes of a hunted animal.
33:49Saint-Ny tries to reassure him and gain his trust.
33:53But Ho Chi Minh can't discard the possibility of a trap.
33:57What if the French have planned to arrest him?
33:58Saint-Ny writes,
34:02When I see the great bulk of that cruiser, that massive floating fortress with its raised guns, I understand now how much courage it took him.
34:10How much courage it took him?
34:33Ho Chi Minh is welcomed by a whistle of honor, and greeted by the representative of the civilian authorities, Admiral Georges Thierry.
34:38Thierry d'Argentlieu, who is also a Carmelite monk.
34:43Following de Gaulle's orders, he wants to hold on to Indochina, and above all, save it from the communists.
34:51Thierry d'Argentlieu suggests organizing a meeting of other nationalists, to review the initial agreements.
35:01On the contrary, Ho Chi Minh wants the agreement to be ratified in Paris,
35:05to ensure that his country's independence is properly recognized.
35:14Although the matter is left unresolved, Saint-Ny remarks,
35:17I observed the satisfaction of a man who had always fought us in the shadows, and suddenly finds himself being treated as an equal.
35:26And Ho Chi Minh leaves, nervously throwing away his cigarette.
35:30All through the spring of 46, the Viet Minh keeps the pressure on, leading up to the big conference that will take place in Fontainebleau, near Paris, as Ho Chi Minh had requested.
35:43Thierry d'Argentlieu forces himself to smile as he bids farewell to Ho Chi Minh, who takes off for France on May 31st, 1946.
35:57His plane is diverted. De Gaulle's successor has just been overthrown by Parliament. A new government must be formed before negotiations can continue.
36:15Plane lands in Biarritz, so that Ho Chi Minh can rest up in Saint-Ny's villa.
36:24He spends three weeks of forced vacation there, the only holiday he'd ever have, and by his own account, the best time of his life.
36:32His only regret is not meeting General de Gaulle, but de Gaulle isn't receiving anyone.
36:45Ho Chi Minh finally lands in Paris, and is welcomed like a head of state.
36:50He even attends the Bastille Day military parade, next to General Jouin and General de Lattre.
37:01A grand reception is organized in honor of Ho Chi Minh. Saint-Ny's wife, Lady Sarrot, gives Ho Chi Minh a warm welcome as the situation in Indochina deteriorates.
37:21To keep up the pressure on the French, the Viet Minh have been attacking convoys and killing soldiers.
37:27After a month of fruitless talks, the Fontainebleau Conference concludes with a vague draft agreement, and Ho Chi Minh returns home.
37:44He refuses to travel by plane.
37:46It takes him three weeks to arrive in Haiphong Harbor, in the north of Indochina, on October 20th, 1946.
38:00His deliberately long absence has given Jiap time to prepare for war,
38:05and to bloodily eliminate the communists' political rivals.
38:09The time for peacemaking is over.
38:15Ho Chi Minh has failed to reach agreement with the French on the two key issues,
38:20independence, and the reunification of the three provinces,
38:25Tonkin, Annam, and Cochin, China, into a single communist country to be called Vietnam,
38:33which the French adamantly refuse to consider.
38:35In Haiphong, on November 23rd, 1946, a cargo boat inspection turns violent,
38:46and the Viet Minh militia shoot at the French, causing casualties.
38:55The Navy retaliates with its big guns, killing several hundred locals.
38:59Ho Chi Minh issues a call for armed struggle.
39:10Those who have rifles will use their rifles.
39:13Those who have swords will use their swords.
39:16Those who have no swords will use their spades, hoes, and sticks.
39:19Everyone must endeavor to oppose the colonialists, and save his country.
39:29Hanoi rises up.
39:35The Viet Minh lashes out against every symbol of France,
39:39including the Pasteur Institute,
39:40one of the biggest centers for the prevention of tropical diseases in Asia,
39:45which is totally demolished.
39:55War reporter Lucien Baudard writes,
39:58The French military were attacked from every side.
40:02They held out for days and nights on end.
40:04Hanoi was a nightmare.
40:08Among the ruins, the French found women's bodies slashed open,
40:12and pierced with bamboo spears.
40:13They, too, ran amok.
40:16There was no mercy anywhere.
40:30The Indochina War has just begun.
40:33In 1946, Indochina isn't the only place where the tension between the Soviets and the West is flaring up.
40:47Stalin is also threatening the United Kingdom's interests.
40:53The British closely guard their famous road to India,
40:56which also brings them oil from Iraq and Iran,
40:59which Europe is increasingly dependent on.
41:02But the Soviets have penetrated the north of Iran to cheers orchestrated by the local Communist Party.
41:14Iran, with Britain's support, appeals to the United Nations Security Council.
41:31Churchill, no longer in power, but still influential, tells President Truman that this Iranian crisis marks a new wave of expansion by Stalin.
41:45No, nobody knows what Soviet Russia and its communist international organization intends to do in the immediate future, or what are the limits, if any, to their expansive and proselytizing tendencies.
42:02Truman stands firmly by the British, and together they push Russia out of Iran.
42:14At the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow, Stalin declares,
42:17another war is inevitable, and the USSR needs to build up its forces to fight the West.
42:28George Kennan, an American diplomat stationed in Moscow, writes,
42:33Stalin believes he is in a permanent war with capitalism.
42:36Truman repeats to the press,
42:43the United States has no desire to wage war on anyone.
42:49But privately, he states,
42:54communism is as dangerous as Nazism,
42:58and Stalin is as ruthless an enemy as Hitler.
43:02The Americans test their nuclear weapons on Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean.
43:27The explosion of atomic bombs in this idyllic location
43:30gives French fashion designers the idea of creating an anatomical bomb,
43:36the skimpiest swimsuit in history,
43:38which becomes immediately known as the Bikini,
43:41and is quickly banned from European beaches.
43:51The world continues to turn, despite the escalation of fear.
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