Explora la fascinante historia de Roma durante la era de las Cruzadas en nuestro documental "ROMA (Cruzada a Jerusalén)". Este trabajo audiovisual te llevará a un viaje a través de los acontecimientos que marcaron la lucha por Jerusalén, la ciudad sagrada, desde la perspectiva de la antigua Roma. En este documental, descubrirás cómo Roma se convirtió en un centro de poder e influencia, y cómo su participación en las Cruzadas moldeó el futuro de la región y de la propia ciudad.
A lo largo de este recorrido histórico, analizaremos las motivaciones detrás de la Cruzada, las estrategias militares empleadas, y el impacto cultural que tuvo en Europa y el Medio Oriente. El documental está diseñado para educar y enriquecer el conocimiento del espectador, proporcionando un contexto profundo y detallado sobre este crucial periodo de la historia. Además, incluimos testimonios de expertos, mapas interactivos y recreaciones históricas que hacen de este documental una experiencia envolvente y educativa.
No te pierdas esta oportunidad de entender mejor cómo la historia de Roma y las Cruzadas están entrelazadas, y cómo esos eventos siguen resonando en el mundo actual. Únete a nosotros en "ROMA (Cruzada a Jerusalén)" y sé parte de este viaje educativo.
**Hashtags:** #CruzadaAJerusalén, #HistoriaDeRoma, #DocumentalHistórico
**Keywords:** Cruzada a Jerusalén, Documental Roma, Historia de las Cruzadas, Roma y Jerusalén, Influencia romana, Guerra Santa, Cultura medieval, Estrategias militares, Eventos históricos, Testimonios de expertos.
A lo largo de este recorrido histórico, analizaremos las motivaciones detrás de la Cruzada, las estrategias militares empleadas, y el impacto cultural que tuvo en Europa y el Medio Oriente. El documental está diseñado para educar y enriquecer el conocimiento del espectador, proporcionando un contexto profundo y detallado sobre este crucial periodo de la historia. Además, incluimos testimonios de expertos, mapas interactivos y recreaciones históricas que hacen de este documental una experiencia envolvente y educativa.
No te pierdas esta oportunidad de entender mejor cómo la historia de Roma y las Cruzadas están entrelazadas, y cómo esos eventos siguen resonando en el mundo actual. Únete a nosotros en "ROMA (Cruzada a Jerusalén)" y sé parte de este viaje educativo.
**Hashtags:** #CruzadaAJerusalén, #HistoriaDeRoma, #DocumentalHistórico
**Keywords:** Cruzada a Jerusalén, Documental Roma, Historia de las Cruzadas, Roma y Jerusalén, Influencia romana, Guerra Santa, Cultura medieval, Estrategias militares, Eventos históricos, Testimonios de expertos.
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00:00In the 11th century AD, a monumental conflict broke out over the control of the Holy Land.
00:06The Christians were under threat. The Pope asked for a crusade in the name of God.
00:13The objective was the conquest of Jerusalem.
00:18But were the Christian knights really fighting only for their faith?
00:25The so-called Holy War against the Muslims will continue for two centuries.
00:31Crusade to Jerusalem.
00:35Jerusalem, June 1099. The crusaders arrive at the city walls.
00:42For the first time, these self-proclaimed armed pilgrims,
00:50dazzle their final destination.
00:54They have been traveling for three years.
01:00Many thousands of crusaders had left for the Holy Land with a number ten times larger.
01:07Only a third of them had reached the Holy City.
01:13For now, all the difficulties seem to have been forgotten.
01:19The Pope promised all the crusaders the remission of their sins,
01:25and they went to the aid of their Christian brothers in Palestine,
01:31and they liberated the sacred places of Muslim domination.
01:38Commanders like Raimundo de Toulouse and Godofredo de Bullón
01:42have a burning desire in common.
01:47They are determined to restore the Christian dominion in the Holy Land,
01:54especially over Jerusalem and the tomb of Christ.
01:58According to contemporary belief, this was the land of the Lord and his legacy.
02:04Jerusalem had been ruled by Byzantine Christians for centuries.
02:09In 638, the city was conquered by the followers of Muhammad.
02:14Muslim rule was essentially tolerant of Jews and Christians,
02:18but in the 11th century there had been repeated attacks against Christian pilgrims.
02:23The crusaders want to put an end to this situation.
02:28News of the siege reaches Damascus, 240 kilometers north.
02:39The Muslim erudite Al-Sulami wants to receive latest information from the Christian army.
02:45What do you want?
02:48A messenger informs him that the Christians are attacking Jerusalem.
02:53They carry crosses and pray to God to invoke his help, and they are very numerous.
02:58They have surrounded the city, praying and singing, and they ask God for help.
03:02They are many, sir.
03:04Al-Sulami is convinced that the attack of the European Christians is not an ordinary campaign.
03:15He realizes that they have not only come to loot, but to wage war, in the name of God.
03:22The siege of Jerusalem is in its fifth week.
03:25There are no negotiations for a peaceful surrender.
03:29The defenders of Jerusalem have powerful weapons to avoid a breach in the city's walls.
03:35The Greek fire consists of burning oil that cannot be extinguished with water.
03:41The Christians have no choice but to fight.
03:47The Greek fire consists of burning oil that cannot be extinguished with water.
03:57The leader of the Crusaders, Godfrey of Bouillon, knows that his knights are being pushed to their limits.
04:11Many of his men die outside the city walls.
04:17They will go straight to paradise, or so the Crusaders believe.
04:23Soon you will be with God. Intercede for us.
04:27If Jerusalem is taken by the Christians, the Muslims will lose one of their most sacred places.
04:33They will also look bad in the eyes of Allah.
04:36According to the Islamic law of war, the territories conquered by the Muslims should never be lost.
04:42In the 11th century, the Islamic empires extend from India to Spain.
04:47The Holy Land and Asia Minor, previously ruled by Byzantine Christians, have been conquered step by step.
04:54When the Christians of the East ask the Christians of the West for help,
04:58the Pope of Rome takes the initiative while he is visiting a city in France.
05:05It is the year 1095.
05:09It is the year 1095, in Clermont, four years before the siege of Jerusalem.
05:15In a passionate speech, the head of the Catholic Church will call a crusade against the Muslim conquerors.
05:22It is the Pope, Urban II.
05:29In November 1095, the successor of St. Peter gathers more than 200 bishops of France, Italy and Spain.
05:36The culminating point of the papal synod is a ceremonial service.
05:46Several thousand believers, including nobles and gentlemen, have responded to the Pope's call.
05:52The competition is so great that the service is carried out in a meadow, outside the cathedral.
05:57Urban paints a panorama of intimidation and threats.
06:07Appeal to the faithful and their brothers and sisters in Christ.
06:11The infidels are stealing the territories of the Christians.
06:15Many of them are murdered or deported, without mercy.
06:23The churches are set on fire, and Jerusalem has been devastated.
06:28The Christian Byzantium is in danger.
06:31It is the duty of every Christian to go to the aid of his brothers in the East.
06:37The term brothers and sisters refers to the Byzantine Eastern Church.
06:41In reality, at that time, Christianity is deeply divided between Catholic Christians and Orthodox Christians, whose center is Constantinople.
06:51Since the Seljuk Turks expelled the Byzantines from Asia Minor, the Christian world feels threatened.
06:57The nomadic riders constitute the new great force of the Islamic world.
07:02As they advance, local Christians and pilgrims who go to the Holy Land are attacked.
07:12The Seljuks also threaten the capital of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople.
07:18The metropolis of Bosphorus was in the past the center of power of the Christian world.
07:22It is the reason why the Byzantine Emperor Alejo has repeatedly asked the Pope for help in the fight against the Seljuks.
07:29In the summer of 1095, he writes to Urban II.
07:33His letter does not go unnoticed.
07:42Any type of military protection.
07:45Alejo asks the Pope Urban II.
07:48for military support against the Muslims, to save his empire and all Christianity.
08:02In Clermont, the Pope places the call for Byzantine aid in the center of his sermon.
08:10According to Urban, he is attacking the Christians of the East.
08:14They are being enslaved and the men and women are being slaughtered.
08:18Muslim pagans have reached the gates of Constantinople.
08:21All Christians are urged to support their Christian brothers of the East.
08:27If you do not stop them, they will also end up subduing us.
08:37The Pope, evidently, gave a very effective sermon.
08:41Full of great gestures and very well argued.
08:45No, I'm not the one who catches it, it's God.
08:48The Pope insists that it is God himself who is asking all Christians to take the cross and go to war against non-believing Muslims.
08:56Expel those unworthy infidels.
09:04An assistant to the synod.
09:06Bishop Lamberto de Arras writes a story about the Pope's speech in Clermont.
09:11Describes how Urban promotes the campaign to the Holy Land.
09:17Those who march to Jerusalem for reasons of piety, not to earn honor or money,
09:22can expect heavenly rewards.
09:29After the speech, those present burst into a carousel.
09:33They embroidered cloth crosses on their clothes to show that they had taken the cross for the love of God.
09:40According to ancient sources, they shouted,
09:43this is the will of God.
09:47God wants it.
09:51God wants it.
09:55God wants it.
09:58God wants it.
10:01God wants it.
10:07Urban declares the liberation of the Holy Land a penitential pilgrimage.
10:12He wants to unite Christians divided under one banner.
10:16The power of the Church must reign over the secular power.
10:20The Pope will be the protector of all Christianity.
10:23The true representative of Christ on earth.
10:27Urban's plan worked, perhaps better than he expected.
10:32The response was massive.
10:35When the participants in the council returned to their dioceses,
10:39they made sure that the news of the Pope's call spread throughout the region.
10:45The Christian pastors call for a crusade to Jerusalem,
10:48the land of the children of the Israelites.
10:52Bishops and preachers announce the Pope's message in their churches.
10:56Itinerant preachers take him to the field.
11:00There is no doubt that Urban II touched the sensitive fiber of the time.
11:05There is no other way to explain the mass movement.
11:08Hundreds of thousands, guests or uninvited, are on their way.
11:14Everywhere Christians are asked to liberate Jerusalem, in the name of God.
11:21Fanatic monks assume the responsibility of promoting the crusade in the name of Christ.
11:26People go to them in masses.
11:29They are invited to the mass.
11:32They are invited to the mass.
11:34They are invited to the mass.
11:47Urban has not exactly the knights requested by Byzantine, or the warriors of God I had in mind.
11:52It is an improvised army, without a plan, of a total of 15,000 people.
11:58The so-called Crusade of the poor
12:01It was a reaction to the advertising for the crusade
12:06that the itinerant preachers and others
12:11took to the north of France,
12:15to the Netherlands and to Rhenania.
12:20This army of plebeians does not want to wait until the day of departure marked by the Pope.
12:26Some nobles also want to leave immediately.
12:30The desire to achieve salvation was shared by rich and poor alike.
12:37It seemed to be an increasing concern in the 11th century.
12:42The notion of penance for personal sins in order to redeem oneself.
12:51It is a time of fear at the end of the world and the final judgment,
12:55but also of hope in salvation.
13:01To fight for the honor of Christ.
13:04To take revenge on any dishonor that may have been caused to him.
13:09These are beliefs that had gained ground in the 11th century
13:16and that paved the way for the surprisingly powerful reaction.
13:24The so-called People's Crusade crosses cities like Spira,
13:28which are shopping centers along the Rhine.
13:31They house numerous Jewish communities.
13:34Suddenly they are in danger.
13:39In the High Middle Ages, many Jewish communities had established themselves in obituary cities
13:45such as Colonia, Maguncia, Worms or Spira.
13:49The Jews played a preponderant role in the economic growth of these cities.
13:56As merchants and lenders, the Jews played an important role in the medieval economy.
14:02They pay taxes to the emperor and receive in return his protection.
14:06At least, in theory.
14:10We know that many of the participants in the First Crusade were not nobles or rich gentlemen,
14:16but people without resources.
14:18The attack on Jewish communities was an easy way for them to get rich.
14:26The Jewish neighborhoods of several cities are attacked.
14:29A systematic manhunt begins.
14:32Despite the official protection of the emperor and the local bishops,
14:36the authorities fail to avoid looting and mass execution of Jews.
14:41About 5,000 people are victims of the pogroms of 1096.
14:47The Jews were portrayed as the descendants of the murderers of Christ.
14:52It may sound cynical, but the people of the time believed that they would please God
14:57if they attacked the so-called infidels or pagans in their country.
15:02But this particular crusade also has suicidal qualities.
15:06Most of the crusaders are poorly armed and very poorly prepared for a massacre.
15:12Few participants in the Crusade of the Poor will arrive in Jerusalem.
15:27This makes it more important for the clergy and the high nobility
15:31to make sure that they are well prepared.
15:36In the castle of the Duke of Baja Lorena,
15:38preparations are made for the long journey to the unknown.
15:42Sewing crosses on the clothing for the march to Palestine
15:45is also a symbol of a new beginning.
16:05One of the people to give the step is Godofredo de Buillon.
16:09The Duke is impressed by the spirit of the monasteries.
16:14They are places of contemplation at a time when many are waiting for the coming of the Lord.
16:21It is said that wearing a knight's suit is like wearing a monk's tunic.
16:27Previously, Godofredo had paid little attention to the advice of the Pope
16:32and was not reluctant to mundane temptations.
16:35However, he is full of doubts in these times of spiritual turbulence.
16:40He decides to follow the Pope's call to the Holy Land.
16:44His brothers Eustachio and Baldwin join him.
16:49Are you ready, Godofredo?
16:51It's going to be a long trip.
16:53Godofredo is aware of the dangers that lie ahead.
16:56If he dies on the way to Jerusalem,
16:58he wants to be buried with the mantle of the Crusader
17:01who wears the cross of Christ embroidered.
17:06Leave it.
17:07Take care of your business.
17:13Nobody knows if any of them will return.
17:16As they prepare for the trip, they also liquidate their goods.
17:31I have engaged our castle with the bishop of Liege.
17:34You have sold our castle?
17:36It was prudent to sell the castle of the family.
17:40The brothers and sisters of the bishop of Liege
17:43agree that they will not return.
17:52Why are we going back?
17:54They will find their own sacred kingdom in the Holy Land.
17:57A Christian kingdom.
17:59God wants it.
18:01God wants it.
18:08It is the will of God.
18:10This is the Pope's motto
18:12when he declares that the campaign to Palestine is a holy war.
18:17Many are willing to follow his call
18:19in search of salvation,
18:21but also in search of fame, glory, power and wealth.
18:28The personal motivations that trigger
18:30the beginning of the 200-year period of the Crusades
18:33are full of contradictions,
18:35but many people participate
18:37at all levels of society and throughout Europe.
18:47Finally, hundreds of thousands of people embark on the dangerous journey.
18:52Rich and poor,
18:53gentlemen and nobles,
18:55gentlemen and workers,
18:57peasants and urbanites,
18:59men and women.
19:02The summer of 1096 marks the beginning
19:04of the greatest military effort of the Middle Ages.
19:10Tens of thousands of Crusaders,
19:12mostly French and Germans,
19:14follow three different routes.
19:16Through Italy,
19:17bordering the Adriatic
19:19and crossing the mountain range of the Balkans.
19:21Their first common destination,
19:23the path of the Holy Land,
19:24is Constantinople.
19:28Since the 4th century AD,
19:30the city has been the capital of the Byzantine Empire
19:32and the metropolis of all Orthodox Christians.
19:37It was here that Emperor Alejo
19:39wrote his call for help to the Pope Urban.
19:42Finally, the Crusader army is near.
19:47Alejo expects the Pope to send him
19:49some units of mounted mercenaries
19:51that will later be placed under his command.
19:55Instead,
19:56a huge army has reached the doors of the city walls,
19:59which poses a threat to the capital.
20:05Alejo urges Godofredo and the Crusaders
20:07to sow fear among their people,
20:09to appropriate anything they need
20:11and to act like thieves and robbers.
20:16He brings the Crusaders without care.
20:20But they do take into account the Emperor's requests.
20:23Alejo wants the leaders of the Crusade
20:25to swear loyalty to him
20:27and return all the territories
20:29conquered by Byzantium.
20:35The Emperor insists.
20:37He demands a oath of loyalty.
20:48The Crusaders have already sworn loyalty to the Pope.
20:51Alejo does not care.
21:00I will not allow you to continue the journey.
21:04Only if you swear loyalty to him,
21:06the Emperor of Byzantium
21:08will grant you permission to cross the Bosphorus.
21:12No ship will pass without my consent
21:14and in no case yours.
21:22It is your choice.
21:30The leaders of the Crusade give in,
21:32at least for now.
21:40Let's go.
21:41Our destination is Holy Land.
21:44They have no choice but to reach Holy Land.
21:52The oath of loyalty of the Crusaders
21:54has been coerced.
21:58Later, they will not return any conquered territory,
22:01but they will try to establish their own kingdoms
22:03in Holy Land.
22:05The fraternal aid to Byzantium
22:07is overshadowed by imperial rivalry.
22:11But there is still a long way to Jerusalem.
22:14On the route to their final destination,
22:16the Crusaders find a strong resistance
22:18by the Seljuks Turks.
22:20In Dorilea, the first Crusade
22:22is in danger of being annihilated.
22:26The troops of Sultan Kilic Arslan
22:28attack one of the units
22:30of the Crusader armies.
22:34From a distance,
22:36the Seljuk archers shoot the Christian warriors.
22:40The Muslim ruler has 50,000 men
22:42under his command.
22:44The situation of the defenders
22:46seems desperate.
22:48Thousands of Crusaders die in the narrow valley,
22:50but Christian messengers
22:52have been sent in search of help.
23:02The reinforcements arrive just in time.
23:04Godfrey of Bouillon and his cavalry
23:06attack the attackers from the rear.
23:10They tilt the balance in their favor
23:12and obtain a key victory
23:14on the way to Jerusalem.
23:18Godfrey,
23:20the popular and respected leader
23:22of the Crusades,
23:24erects wooden crosses
23:26along the route
23:28to show the way
23:30to future pilgrims.
23:34But how do Muslims react
23:36to the advance of the Franks,
23:38a name that these Europeans
23:40who speak Latin receive?
23:42Only a few realize
23:44that the Crusade is different
23:46and that the objective
23:48is looting and pillaging.
23:54The Islamic erudite Al-Sulami
23:56explains the difference
23:58in the Great Mosque of Damascus.
24:06The spiritual leader of the Franks
24:08has called a crusade
24:10against the Muslims.
24:12It is a campaign
24:14in the name of faith,
24:16according to Al-Sulami,
24:18similar to an armed jihad.
24:24They want to get to Jerusalem,
24:26not as pilgrims of peace
24:28for prayer,
24:30but as armed warriors.
24:32Many Muslims
24:34feel outraged
24:36because foreigners eat pork
24:38and drink alcohol.
24:40They want to expel all Muslims
24:42from the holy city
24:44and enslave them.
24:46The Crusaders fight
24:48in the name of God
24:50and in the name of the cross.
24:52They believe they will be rewarded
24:54with paradise.
24:56They are determined
24:58to wage war
25:00against the Muslims
25:02by any means.
25:04But for Al-Sulami
25:06and his people,
25:09the Crusaders have been traveling
25:11for three years.
25:13Many have died in combat
25:15or have succumbed to illness and exhaustion.
25:17Some have founded new settlements
25:19along the way.
25:21Less than a third of the original army
25:23reaches its longed-for destination,
25:25Jerusalem.
25:29While preparing to attack
25:31the fortified city,
25:33many expect to obtain salvation
25:35as a reward.
25:37They celebrate mass and sing
25:39psalms and songs of praise
25:41while the Crusaders prepare
25:43to assault the city walls.
25:57The procession in front of the gates
25:59of Jerusalem,
26:01shortly before the attack on the city,
26:03says a lot about the mentality
26:05of the Crusaders
26:07and the vision they had of themselves.
26:11The defenders of Jerusalem,
26:13the Fatimids of Egypt,
26:15are surprised by the Christian rituals.
26:17It is evident that the Crusaders
26:19are not ordinary conquerors.
26:21They saw themselves
26:23and so some sources show it,
26:25such as the New People of Israel.
26:27They followed the tradition
26:29of the Old Testament.
26:31But Godfrey of Bouillon
26:33knows that prayers
26:35will not be enough
26:37to tear down the city walls.
26:45The defenders are superior in number.
26:47However, the Crusaders
26:49consider the attack on the Holy City
26:51a divine mission.
26:55They surrounded the city
26:57three times in a process of purification.
26:59This is how they cleaned themselves.
27:11The Muslim defenders
27:13also invoke the help of Allah.
27:19The Christians have little water and food.
27:21Many Crusaders have fallen ill.
27:23The time has come to attack.
27:25We have to attack.
27:27I think he's right.
27:31They also lack wood
27:33to build the siege machines.
27:35The only thing they have been able to gather
27:37are two assault towers.
27:39They will have to settle for that.
27:41Mother of God,
27:43may the Lord help us.
27:45In the name of the Father,
27:47the Son and the Holy Spirit.
27:49None of their previous battles
27:51has been fought in such adverse conditions.
27:53The beginning of the conquest
27:55was very difficult.
27:57The Crusader army
27:59had been significantly reduced in number.
28:01And Jerusalem was a large
28:03and well fortified city.
28:05Organizing a classic siege
28:07in which the city was subdued
28:09by hunger was a very complicated business.
28:11And the Christians knew
28:13that the Muslim defenders
28:15of the city
28:17would have asked for reinforcements.
28:19They assumed that an Egyptian
28:21would not have much time.
28:25The attack on Jerusalem
28:27has begun.
28:29It is July 15, 1099.
28:31The defenders use
28:33devastating weapons
28:35against their attackers.
28:43Greek fire, as it is known,
28:45makes it difficult
28:47to climb the walls of the city.
28:49Do not fall back, men!
28:51God wants it!
28:53Come on!
28:55Everyone up!
28:57Fast!
29:01As the attackers are outnumbered,
29:03they direct the attack towers
29:05towards some sections of the city walls.
29:07With one of the siege towers,
29:09the Duke of Baja Lorena and his men
29:11manage to position themselves
29:13at a short distance from the city walls.
29:15Finally, the troops
29:17under the command of Godofredo de Buillon
29:19achieve their goal.
29:21It seems that Godofredo was in the tower,
29:23but contrary to what is written
29:25sometimes, he was not the first
29:27to reach the city wall.
29:29There were two of his followers.
29:39Despite suffering numerous casualties,
29:41the Duke and his men
29:43charge against the Almenas.
29:47A few crucial minutes
29:49will be decisive
29:51for the defeat or victory
29:53of the Crusaders.
29:59The fate of the sacred city,
30:01both for Muslims
30:03and for Christians,
30:05hangs by a thread.
30:09Both sides trust in their faith
30:11and hope to receive the help
30:13of their God.
30:17For both religions,
30:19peace is sacred.
30:25But for the faithful of both sides,
30:27war is a way to defend
30:29their own true religion
30:31against enemies
30:33and unbelievers.
30:37However, Christians have declared
30:39their own crusade against Muslims,
30:41a holy war,
30:43ordered by God.
30:47This triggers
30:49the bloodiest religious war
30:51the world has ever seen.
30:57And it turns the battle
30:59for Jerusalem
31:01into an orgy of violence.
31:09What happened later
31:11inside the city
31:13was a massacre.
31:15The population was exterminated,
31:17Jews and Muslims alike.
31:21At the same time,
31:23the leaders of the crusade
31:25tried to secure
31:27the important enclaves
31:29of the city.
31:33The massacre in the narrow streets
31:35of Jerusalem
31:37was absolutely horrible.
31:41There was no respect
31:43for the elderly.
31:49Even the Christian witnesses
31:51did not hide what was happening.
31:59Immediately after
32:01crossing the walls,
32:03the gentlemen threw themselves
32:05into the streets and public places.
32:07All the enemies they encountered
32:09were stabbed.
32:11Everything was covered in blood.
32:15The news of the fall of Jerusalem
32:17spread like a shower of gunpowder.
32:21The Franks have killed
32:23everyone in Jerusalem.
32:25It was a real massacre.
32:27They spent several days
32:29killing everyone they found.
32:33Al-Sulami considers the Franks
32:35wild beasts.
32:3730,000 people die,
32:39including the Jewish residents
32:41of the city.
32:43Even the local Christians
32:45are murdered,
32:47accused of collaborating
32:49with the Muslims.
32:53Memories of the bloody
32:55siege of Jerusalem
32:57exert a permanent pressure
32:59on the relations between
33:01the two religions.
33:03One of the most common reasons
33:05to explain the thirst for blood
33:07that the Crusaders showed
33:09during the capture of Jerusalem
33:11in 1099
33:13was their inability to control
33:15their religious enthusiasm
33:17as a result of the prolonged
33:19efforts and tensions
33:21of the trip.
33:25But the real reasons
33:27behind the Crusades
33:29may have played
33:31an important role.
33:33If we examine
33:35the reports on the
33:37proclamation of the Crusade
33:39of Pope Urbanus,
33:41we discover that in it
33:43he called for revenge
33:45against the non-believers
33:47who had occupied and,
33:49in his opinion,
33:51desecrated the holy places
33:53of Christianity.
33:55Shortly after the conquest
33:57of the Holy City,
33:59the first king of Jerusalem
34:01will be crowned.
34:03But there are certain reservations
34:05since it was here where Christ
34:07had carried the crown of thorns.
34:09Instead, the conqueror
34:11accepts the title of protector
34:13of the Holy Sepulchre.
34:15He renounces the throne
34:17but not the claim of power.
34:19He has saved us from the wrath
34:21of our enemies.
34:23In the name of the Father,
34:25the Son and the Holy Spirit.
34:27However,
34:29the reign of Godfrey
34:31does not last long.
34:33He will die a year after
34:35the conquest of Jerusalem
34:37being buried in his favorite place,
34:39the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
34:41His legacy
34:43will not remain intact.
34:45Can the Muslim forces
34:47accept that this sacred ground
34:49is taken away from them forever?
34:51After the conquest of Jerusalem
34:53by the Christian forces,
34:55the Muslims were astonished.
34:57What was to be done?
34:59The Muslim world was divided.
35:01How should they react to the capture
35:03by the Christians
35:05of one of the most important
35:07Arab cities?
35:09In Damascus,
35:11Al-Sulami draws conclusions
35:13from recent events.
35:15Why has Allah denied us victory?
35:17Allah is testing us.
35:19According to Al-Sulami,
35:21God uses the defeat of the Muslims
35:23They have sinned,
35:25they have disobeyed their orders,
35:27and they have disputed among themselves.
35:29They have not been able to defend
35:31the Holy Land.
35:33Only in the event that the Muslims
35:35overcome their divisions
35:37and fight arm in arm,
35:39the enemy will be defeated.
35:41If we fight together,
35:43we can defeat our enemies.
35:45Al-Sulami
35:47is an interesting figure.
35:49He is not only
35:51a religious scholar
35:53who sometimes gives sermons
35:55in Damascus.
35:57He is also
35:59one of the few contemporaries
36:01of the time
36:03who understands
36:05that Christian military expeditions,
36:07whether in Sicily,
36:09the Iberian Peninsula,
36:11or the Near East,
36:13have religious motives.
36:17At least this is what he writes
36:19in a treaty on the Jihad
36:21that he wrote
36:23based on his conclusions.
36:27In his book, Kitab al-Jihad,
36:29Al-Sulami describes the attack
36:31against Jerusalem as an attack
36:33against Islam.
36:35There were calls,
36:37mainly among the Muslim erudites,
36:39to the unity of the Muslim world
36:41and to the expulsion
36:43of the Christians of Jerusalem.
36:45But it took time
36:47before they were heard.
36:49Islam was now being used
36:51as a political instrument.
36:57It will take several decades
36:59before a Muslim force
37:01is able to reconquer Jerusalem.
37:03Towards the end of the twelfth century,
37:05an experienced warlord
37:07turns his goal declared
37:09the expulsion of the Christians
37:11of the Holy Land.
37:13His name, Saladin,
37:15is now the Sultan of Egypt.
37:17He not only recovers the land
37:19lost in Palestine.
37:21In 1187, he also forces
37:23Christians to leave the Holy City.
37:27Saladin trusts in the power
37:29of his faith.
37:31He convinces the high cleric
37:33to declare the fight
37:35against the Crusaders.
37:37A Jihad.
37:39Buried in a large mausoleum
37:41in Damascus,
37:43is the Muslim Jihad
37:45comparable to the Christian Crusades?
37:51The Crusades and the Jihad
37:53are often equated.
37:57Although the experts
37:59in the Middle East and Islam
38:01have clearly shown
38:03that the Jihad is based
38:05on a much broader concept.
38:09Not only to promote military campaigns
38:11such as the Crusades,
38:13but also the spiritual advance
38:15of Islam.
38:23The fall of Jerusalem triggers
38:25new Crusades.
38:27But all Christian attempts
38:29to reconquer the Holy City
38:31end in failure.
38:33The German emperor,
38:35Frederick II of the Staufer dynasty,
38:37chooses a different path
38:39He renounces the sword,
38:41knowing that he cannot
38:43conquer Jerusalem by force.
38:45During negotiations
38:47with the Sultan Al-Kamil
38:49of Cairo,
38:51there is a compromise.
39:03There will be peace
39:05for ten years, five months
39:07and 40 days, as the Muslim calendar
39:09commands.
39:19In this truce between Christians
39:21and Muslims, Jerusalem,
39:23Bethlehem and Nazareth
39:25are supervised by Christians.
39:27Frederick II has achieved
39:29his goal without bloodshed.
39:37Thanks to his education,
39:39Frederick is different
39:41from other European kings.
39:43He grew up in Palermo,
39:45a melting pot of cultures.
39:47His royal palace is a meeting point
39:49for Byzantines, Italians,
39:51Arabs and Germans.
39:53Both for Christians
39:55and for Muslims.
40:01The cultural exchange
40:03between the representatives
40:05of the different religious communities
40:07began, apparently,
40:09early.
40:11It is well documented
40:13regarding material culture,
40:15including architecture
40:17and confection,
40:19as well as music,
40:21literature and poetry.
40:23Also everyday objects
40:25and luxury items.
40:27All this
40:29makes it clear
40:31that the Crusaders brought
40:33elements of material culture
40:35from the Islamic world
40:37to the Christian world.
40:41Arab technology
40:43was clearly superior to European.
40:45For example,
40:47the fruitful supply of fresh water
40:49to the cities that were
40:51surrounded by arid land.
40:53It was the precondition for economic
40:55growth and prosperity.
40:59Works of art,
41:01science and literature
41:03were also outstanding.
41:05There are new publications,
41:07research and experimentation
41:09in the fields of physics,
41:11mathematics, medicine
41:13and astronomy.
41:15The exchange between the East
41:17and the West
41:19produces a unique flow
41:21of knowledge.
41:23But the memories
41:25of the religious war
41:27are usually more powerful
41:29than common memories.
41:31For 200 years,
41:33Christian knights
41:35remained in the Holy Land.
41:37Hundreds of thousands of people
41:39died in the Crusades.
41:41Christians, Muslims and Jews.
41:45The result of the Crusades
41:47is ambivalent,
41:49although the events of the time
41:51were marked by violence.
41:53Violence that emanates
41:55mainly from Christians,
41:57was not part of the historical context.
42:01The Seleucids had blocked
42:03the route of pilgrims
42:05from Europe to Palestine,
42:07so that Christians
42:09do not use violence
42:11in a totally arbitrary way.
42:13The Crusades were part
42:15of a history of centuries
42:17of conquest and counter-conquest.
42:19Powerful fortresses still give testimony
42:21of old battles.
42:23They were considered
42:25the most important
42:27and shaped the relations
42:29between the two religions
42:31for many centuries.
42:33The historical memory of the Crusades
42:35was rescued during the period
42:37of European colonialism.
42:39Especially during the 19th and 20th centuries,
42:41the stories of the Crusades
42:43were resurrected and updated.
42:45As a result,
42:47they are still very alive today.
42:51Not only for some Muslims,
42:53the period of the Crusades
42:55has not yet come to an end.