Stonehenge a été un mystère pendant des siècles, mais les scientifiques viennent peut-être de percer le code ! De nouvelles recherches suggèrent que ce cercle de pierres ancien n'était pas simplement un monument aléatoire—en réalité, il servait de gigantesque calendrier solaire. L'agencement des pierres s'aligne parfaitement avec les solstices, aidant les premiers peuples à suivre le passage du temps. Cela signifie que Stonehenge pourrait avoir été un outil avancé pour marquer les saisons, guider l'agriculture, et même planifier des festivals. C'est incroyable de penser que des gens ont construit il y a plus de 4 000 ans quelque chose d'aussi précis sans la technologie moderne ! Alors, Stonehenge n'était-il qu'une horloge ou avait-il une signification encore plus profonde ? Animation créée par Sympa.
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FunTranscript
00:00Stonehenge was not a mystical sanctuary allowing to travel through time.
00:05It was actually built in the hope of shaping a different future.
00:09Recent research has revealed that this monument was probably designed as a way to gather the insular Bretons during a period of division.
00:18The central element of this hypothesis lies on the stone of the hotel, the most emblematic of the site.
00:25For years, scientists have assumed that the stones made up Stonehenge, including the stone of the hotel, came from the hills of Preseli, not far from the country of Gaul.
00:35Thus, the site would have been the work of a local community, in this case of the Neolithic peoples,
00:42having exploited easily accessible materials to erect a ceremonial tertre, a solar calendar and a funerary site gathered in one place.
00:51This certainty was shaken up by a major discovery.
00:55In 2018, advanced studies revealed that the stone of the hotel actually came from the region of the Thaï, in the northeast of Scotland,
01:03more than 640 km from the site of Stonehenge.
01:07Similar stones have been identified in Scottish monuments.
01:11Indeed, the stone of the hotel belongs to the category of lying stones, arranged horizontally.
01:17However, these structures are frequently found in megalithic circles in Scotland and are a peculiarity typical of the region.
01:24This discovery aroused new reflections among archaeologists.
01:28Perhaps Stonehenge was not limited to a local project, but rather represented a common enterprise involving various tribes scattered throughout Great Britain.
01:37To better grasp this hypothesis, we must go back to around 3000 BC, a time when Great Britain was not yet a unified political entity.
01:47It was then fragmented into a mosaic of tribes, notably from Southern and Eastern Europe, each preserving its own traditions and beliefs.
01:55As an island, Great Britain has experienced many demographic upheavals.
01:59Its population was mainly made up of farmers, descendants of peoples from the Middle East who had settled on these lands about 6,000 years ago.
02:08This group flourished until 2500 BC, when a new migratory wave, originating from the regions corresponding to the current Netherlands and Germany, appeared.
02:18These new arrivals, designated by the name of Campaniform culture, were the origin of a profound demographic upheaval that marked the end of the Neolithic and the following periods.
02:29Their appellation comes from a distinctive type of ceramic that they made and used in particular to accompany their dead on their last journey.
02:37It is highly probable that the native inhabitants had not welcomed this repopulation of their territory.
02:43According to researchers, Stonehenge would thus have been erected as an attempt to bring together original Neolithic populations and to reaffirm its identity on these mutating lands.
02:54The construction of the site would have required considerable effort, notably to transport the stone of the hotel from Scotland, without benefiting from technological advances such as the wheel.
03:04Certainly, it had already been invented in Low Mesopotamia, but due to a lack of connection to the flow, the Bretons of the Stone Age still ignored its existence.
03:15Faced with this territorial crisis, local communities would have mobilized their resources to move this stone to the English plain of Salisbury, in an attempt to symbolically reunify.
03:27Stonehenge was not built in one day. Its history dates back to around 3000 B.C., a time when the site was reduced to a simple circular ditch bordered with a sluice, a structure known under the name of Henge.
03:39In its center, wooden slabs had been erected, perhaps accompanied by totemic sculptures.
03:45This first state of the monument was not yet marked by the presence of stone. It was presumably used as a place of ritual and burial.
03:54Cremation pits dating from this period have been erected, making Stonehenge the oldest funerary site known in Great Britain.
04:02It was only around 2600 B.C. that the blue stones appeared. This name may seem confusing, because these rocks are not really blue.
04:12However, when they are freshly fractured, they reveal the bluish hue that gave them this name.
04:18These more modest rocks would probably come from the Preseli Mountains, located in the southwest of Wales, about 240 km from Stonehenge.
04:27Some researchers advance that the ancient peoples attributed to the blue stones curative virtues.
04:34Therefore, it is not unusual to assume that this belief motivated considerable efforts to move them to the plains of Salisbury.
04:42Around 2500 B.C., Stonehenge began to take the form we know it today.
04:48It was at this period that the imposing Sarsen stones made their appearance.
04:53These colossal blocks, which make up the famous exterior circle of the monument, can weigh up to 25 tons each, equivalent to three stacked African elephants.
05:04It is also assumed that it was at this time that the Sarsen stone would have been transported from Scotland to be placed at the heart of the site.
05:12The Sarsen stone is the most imposing of the blue stones used in the construction of Stonehenge.
05:17Today, it rests horizontally, at the foot of the largest trilith of the monument.
05:22As a reminder, the triliths designate these structures formed by two menhirs surmounted by a horizontal stone, thus constituting the most recognizable arches of the site.
05:32This is where history takes an unexpected turn.
05:35For nearly a century, scientists have believed that the stone of the hotel came from the hills of Preseli, just like the other blue stones.
05:42This seemed logical.
05:44If these blocks were already transported from the country of Gaul, why not also take a particular stone to make a hotel out of it?
05:52However, this theory collapsed in 2018, when a team of researchers deepened the analyzes.
05:59Thanks to advanced geochemical techniques, they were able to determine with precision the origin of the chalk that constitutes the stone of the hotel.
06:07It turned out that it did not come from the country of Gaul.
06:11The results have, in fact, led researchers north, more precisely to the Orcades Basin, in northeastern Scotland, 640 km from Stonehenge.
06:22This discovery shook our understanding of the history of the site.
06:26But how were these stones transported over such a distance?
06:30An old hypothesis, called the ice road, suggests that they could have been moved, thanks to natural icy paths formed in winter, allowing them to be slid over long distances.
06:43However, for a journey exceeding 160 km, this theory seems unrealistic.
06:49Anyway, this hypothesis was refuted, because the climate of the time was warmer than today.
06:55Another theory suggests that the stones would have been moved by river, floating from the quarry to the site.
07:01However, the blocks of sarsen are far too massive to be transported in this way.
07:06This theory is therefore collapsing.
07:08In short, no one knows for sure how these stones were moved.
07:13Research carried out in Stonehenge also revealed fascinating information.
07:18A recent laser survey allowed to identify different stone size techniques and highlighted notable differences in the finish of the monument.
07:26Some sections had clearly been subjected to special care.
07:31It was noted in particular that the northeastern face and the internal surfaces of the central trilithes had been carefully polished.
07:38For your information, the term trilithes, of Greek origin, simply means three stones.
07:45But perhaps you are more accustomed to dolmens than you are particularly fond of the irreducible obelisk.
07:51However, the real enigma, and probably the reason for Stonehenge's worldwide renown, lies in its primary function.
08:01All of its arrangement seems to have been methodically designed to align with the solar cycles.
08:07The site's architecture is particularly in line with solstices,
08:11those moments when we observe the longest and shortest days of the year.
08:15During the summer solstice, the sun rises in perfect alignment with the hill stone,
08:20projecting its rays directly into the center of the stone circle.
08:24A grandiose spectacle, which must have impressed its former audience.
08:29However, it is the winter solstice that seems to have a privileged link with the stone of the hotel.
08:35That day, at sunset, the rays precisely align with this central stone.
08:43For these builders, this alignment went far beyond a simple astronomical phenomenon.
08:49It undoubtedly bore a profound spiritual and ancestral significance.
08:54The stone of the hotel, bathed in the light of the sunset, could be perceived as a passage between worlds.
09:00A link between the living and their ancestors, between the earth and the cosmos, between the present and eternity.
09:08In a time devoid of calendars, clocks, or meteorological forecasts, solstices rhythmed existence.
09:16They governed agricultural cycles as well as spiritual rites.
09:20Thus, Stonehenge was not only an architectural feat,
09:24but perhaps also a way to preserve and honor an ancestral heritage within a world in perpetual transformation.